Periodicity Definition in Chemistry

Exploring the Cause of Eating Disorders - Familial...

My sister is bulimic and has been in therapy for several months now. She seems to be making progress, but this eating disorder seems to rule her life nevertheless. Overwhelmed with conflicting desires, she is obsessed with food and her appearance. I see her suffer and wonder what has caused her to develop such behaviors. I know that there are several factors that can play a role in the inception of an eating disorder. Because of my sister’s problems, I have become interested in the interplay between familial relationships and bulimia. Is there a relationship between family interactions and bulimia? There have been numerous studies about the characteristics of a bulimics family. One of the earliest by Laurence Igoin-Apfelbaum (1985),†¦show more content†¦The patients who were the most self-reproachful and depressed after binges were those who drew the worst images of their father. According to this study, the patient is overcome by her desire for a loving family. The patients realize that their families are beyond any patching up, and to escape the reality, they become bulimics. They cannot give up the idea that their families are forever lost, and to have a sense of their own existence, they make up a fantasy. Bulimia then, is a secret behavior, that is a celebration. The patients regress to a time when the family was together, and this psychological state is accompanied by bingeing. The occurrence of bulimia may be related to the combination of a history of violent separations in the family, and the endless denial of these separations (Igoin-Apfelbaum, 1985). I have several problems with this study. The first and foremost is that I have trouble understanding how the author was able to conclude from the evidence that bulimic patients binge because they are going through a regression. The evidence that led to that theory is not shown, and the theory itself is not explained very well. I can see how a bulimic might want their family to be together as it was when they were younger, but I dont see how that leads to bulimia. Laura Lynn Humphrey (1986) studied 20 women who fulfilled the DSM-III criteria for bulimia. She used Benjamins Structural Analysis of SocialShow MoreRelatedRelationship Between Environmental Factors and Anorexia Nervosa in Adolescent Girls3097 Words   |  13 PagesRelationship Between Environmental Factors and Anorexia Nervosa in Adolescent Girls Anorexia nervosa (AN) is a visible, psychological illness that is detrimental to both the physical and mental well-being of an individual (Bulik et al., 2005). It is an eating disorder that is characterized by not only an unwillingness to gain weight, but a fear of gaining weight. Individuals suffering from anorexia are often perfectionists, who are neurotic, obsessive, and retain a low sense of self-esteem (KayeRead MoreComparison of 4 Major Psychological Disorders3058 Words   |  13 PagesPSYCHOLOGICAL DISORDERS The Oxford dictionary defines psychology as Science of the nature, function and phenomena of human soul or mind: mental characteristics. (1980). The normal mental characteristics of the human mind are very difficult to categorize; so when looking at the disorders of the mind a number of factors have been identified that attempt to define (Meteyard, 2007, p. 49) what is abnormal or psychopathological. For this assignment I will be looking at four disorders that come underRead MoreNcfe Level 2 Certificate in Equality and Diversity Unit 1: Exploring Equality and Diversity5977 Words   |  24 PagesNCFE Level 2 Certificate in Equality and Diversity Unit 1: Exploring Equality and Diversity Assessment You should use this file to complete your Assessment. †¢ The first thing you need to do is save a copy of this document, either onto your computer or a disk †¢ Then work through your Assessment, remembering to save your work regularly †¢ When you’ve finished, print out a copy to keep for reference †¢ Then, go to www.vision2learn.com and send your completed Assessment to your tutor via yourRead MoreOcd - Symptoms, Causes, Treatment131367 Words   |  526 PagesA. Clark. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN-10: 1-57230-963-6 ISBN-13: 978-1-57230-963-0 (hardcover: alk. paper) ISBN-10: 1-59385-375-0 ISBN-13: 978-1-59385-375-4 (paperback) 1. Cognitive therapy. 2. Obsessive–compulsive disorder. I. Title. RC489.C63C57 2004 616.85†²2270651—dc22 2003020283 To my parents, Albert and Ardith, for their support and encouragement About the Author About the Author David A. Clark, PhD, is a professor in the Department of PsychologyRead MoreDeveloping Management Skills404131 Words   |  1617 PagesPreface xvii Introduction 1 PART I 1 2 3 PERSONAL SKILLS 44 Developing Self-Awareness 45 Managing Personal Stress 105 Solving Problems Analytically and Creatively 167 PART II 4 5 6 7 INTERPERSONAL SKILLS 232 233 Building Relationships by Communicating Supportively Gaining Power and Influence 279 Motivating Others 323 Managing Conflict 373 PART III GROUP SKILLS 438 8 Empowering and Delegating 439 9 Building Effective Teams and Teamwork 489 10 Leading Positive ChangeRead More65 Successful Harvard Business School Application Essays 2nd Edition 147256 Words   |  190 Pagesthe essays to demonstrate different aspects of your intellectual, emotional, and moral fiber. For instance, if you choose to prove your ability as a competent project manager in one essay, you may wish to discuss a more personal issue like your relationship with your parents or partner in the  ·next., Reach inside yourself for examples of strength, confidence, and accomplishment. In the end, your fundamental objective is to prove that you are greater than the sum of your individual application parts

Non Verbal Communication free essay sample

Name: Sithembile Musemburi Assignment 1: What aspects of non verbal communication are likely to differ when people from different cultures communicate? Communication is a very important aspect of the human life, since it is the communication that helps human beings and other animals to connect with each other, as individuals and as independent groups. Communication serves a number of functions; to disseminate information, to express ideas and emotions, for education, to build relationships, for entertainment and for decision making purposes and is done verbally or non -verbally. Verbal communication involves the use of language, speech and voice where as in non verbal communication the body does the coding for us in form of gestures, facial expressions, posture, and paralanguage. This is why nonverbal communication is also termed the body language. Culture constitute the totality of socially transmitted behaviour patterns, arts, beliefs, institutions, and all other products of human work and thought. These patterns, traits, and products are the expression of a particular period, class, community, or population. Hence patterns, traits, and products considered with respect to a particular people may not be treated in the same regard to another people. This essay seeks to describe the aspects of non-verbal communication that are likely to differ when people from different cultures communicate. Examples will be drawn from different cultures to demonstrate these differences in cultures Samovar et al (2009), defined communication in the following way, â€Å"communication occurs whenever meaning is attributed to behaviour or the residue of behaviour. With this, different people from different cultures can possibly give different meanings to behaviour depending on how they understood it. This statement also supports that we should be careful about how we act as someone can give meaning to our actions whether they were conscious or unconscious. Culture has been defined by Hall (1974), as the medium evolved by humans to survive. He further states that nothing in our lives is free from cultural influ ences. The way people talk, dress, eat, walk is influenced by their culture. This explains why culture and communication can not be separated as it has a great impact on communication as well. Culture is not genetically defined but is learned through the society we grow in. As a child grows in a community, they learn through observations and being taught what is acceptable and inacceptable in that culture. This in turn shapes the values of that child. Hoebel and Frost define culture as an, â€Å"integrated system of learned behaviour patterns which are characteristic of the members of a society and which are not the results of biological inheritance. The environment and setting one was brought up in and lives in determines how we communicate. Non verbal communication according to Samovar et al (2009) is,†any communication that involves non verbal stimuli that are generated by both the source and his or her use of the environment and that have potential message value to the source or receiver. † The behaviours that most people engage in consciousl y and unconsciously contribute to non verbal communication. A reflex action of behaviour is triggered during a conversation that can sell one out even if verbally they seem to be in agreement with what is being said. Non verbal behaviour can easily substitute the verbal communication as it represents our true emotions in most cases Although Ekman et al (1975) suggests that some non verbal communication aspects of facial expressions are universal, there are many aspects of non verbal communication which differ from one culture to another. As much as facial expressions of anger, fear, joy, sadness, and surprise are more or less the same amongst all cultures there are some non verbal aspects that mean totally different things from one culture to another which might have serious repercussions to the sender and receiver if coded and decoded in ignorance. A wrong gesture or facial expression can make or break a business deal or proposal whether it was intended or not. As much as culture is diverse all over the world, non verbal aspects of communication are bound to differ depending on where you are and where you are from. Those aspects include but are not limited to the following, facial expressions, head movements, hand and arm gestures, physical space, touching, eye contact, and physical postures. Although smiling is understood as an expression of happiness in most cultures, in some cultures like the Chinese it may mean something sad or uncomfortable is being discussed. However, in Bulgaria and Thailand, nodding means the opposite, a very definite no. Physical space refers to the distance which people feel comfortable approaching others or having others approach them. It can be categorised into the following , intimate space reserved for intimate relations, private or personal space for friends and relatives, social space for workmates , colleagues, then public space for strangers. People from certain countries, such as parts of Latin America or the Middle East often feel comfortable standing closer to each other, while persons of Northern European descent tend to prefer a relatively greater distance. Ruch (1989) writes, â€Å"Typical Arab conversations are at close range. † He goes on further to say that;† closeness cannot be avoided†. Although is it is so with the Arab, they have exceptions when to comes to conversing between a man and a woman as Samovar et al (2009) state that, In Arab cultures a man is not allowed to stand close to a woman not even his wife where as in western countries a husband and wife signal their relationship by walking side by side. This means that depending on one’s culture, distance at times is not necessarily determined by the relationship but rather by the gender of the people involved. This explains why in some people would move away or step back in a bus queue when they feel one is standing too close for comfort thus invading their private space. The use of hands to communicate can assist comprehension or deter it, depending on the situation. Some hand gestures that are popular in one culture have no meaning or an entirely different meaning in another culture. A good example is the thumbs up gesture or the OK sign. These have vulgar meanings in Iran and Latin America, respectively, yet in other countries the â€Å"OK sign means just â€Å"zero†, which is not offensive. In the Unites States it is used as a sign for approval and success, whereas the thumbs down convey the opposite. In Europe the thumbs up is also a signal for good bye, or a greeting in passing, especially among young people. Touch is also another aspect of non verbal communication that is culturally determined and thus can also be misunderstood and misinterpreted. Depending on the context or scenario that led to the touch, it sends across different messages. Different cultures have different beliefs on what parts of the body can be and can not be touched. In Asians cultures, the head is said to house the soul so most Asians do not touch the head and do not want their heads touched. Some Americans are annoyed if touched on the head as they feel belittled. Touch is used as a sign of comfort, to arouse, to show affection, to greet, to protect, to congratulate on a job well done and even to provoke. Although a handshake is common as a means of greeting in most cultures, according to Jones (n. d. ), ‘Never assume that someone from another culture wants to shake hands at all. †This greeting is peculiar to some cultures as such one should not assume that it is a universal gesture of greeting. She further advices males never to attempt shaking hands with a woman from another culture unless she extends her hand first. † This is attributed to that contact between people of the opposite sexes is restricted in the Asian and Arab cultures which are mostly Muslim states so hand shakes are not recommended unless otherwise indicated. Kim (1992) also observes that Asians do not touch ordinarily during a conversation especially between people of the opposite sexes because many Asians cultures do not believe in public display of affection and intimacy.

The Cold War and Its Influence on the American Society

The Cold War started in the year 1945 and ended in the year 1990. This war was characterized by military and political enmity between the US and the Soviet Union. After the collapse of the Nazi government, in the year 1945, the US and the Soviet Union became the world superpowers.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Cold War and Its Influence on the American Society specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The Cold War initiated several changes in the American society during and after the war. These changes were enhanced by the differences in democratic values between the US and the Soviet Union. During the early 1990s, the Cold War had greatly influenced America’s domestic and foreign policies. Before the Cold War, the US government was not involved in foreign affairs. For instance, during the leadership of President Gorge Washington, the American government did not participate in foreign affairs and alliances. D uring the year 1935, Neutrality Act was enacted. Through this act, the US Government was forbidden from participating in foreign wars and affairs. Equally, during the World War II, the US government never got involved in foreign affairs. However, after the fall of the Nazi government in Germany, the US perspective on foreign policies and affairs changed. After the year 1945, the US considered the Soviet Union as a threat to its security. Notably, the communist expansion and Russia’s advancements in weaponry forced the American government to be involved in foreign affairs. As witnessed from various government administrations during the Cold War, the US foreign policies and domestic policies were changed constantly to thwart the spread of communisms, and to stop Soviet Union from attacking America and its allies. For instance, Three months into office president Dwight D. Eisenhower conveyed a meeting in the Solarium house at the White House. At the meeting, the president met wi th three different teams to deliberate on appropriate foreign policies required to secure the country’s security systems. At the end of the meeting, the president agreed to change the country’s foreign policies. Through these changes, the US had to help its allies resist the spread of communisms. As a result, the adopted policies enabled the American government to help its allies with military resources. By doing so, the US strengthens its allies’ abilities to resist communism.Advertising Looking for essay on history? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In the year 1961, Kennedy’s administration had to change the country’s foreign policies through the adoption of diplomatic and military initiatives. Unlike before, Kennedy formed and deployed new intelligent foreign experts in various countries to tackle the emerging diplomatic challenges. In support with Eisenhower’s strategies, Kennedy pr eferred diplomacy to violence in tackling conflicts with the Soviet Union. With regard to domestic policy, the Cold War had several impacts on the American society. Notably, the American security agencies influenced the Hollywood producers to create more anticommunist films with the aim of reinforcing negative attitudes about the communists in American societies. Out of these initiatives, patriotism was enhanced leading to increased mistrust in communist actions across the US. During this period, communist proponents were wrongfully accused, fired from their jobs, and their human and civil rights abused. During the war, the US government realized the need to abolish racial discrimination and other forms of social discrimination in the country. This move was fueled by the need to enhance the country’s international image as a reformed nation. Through these reforms, several social injustices in America were abolished leading to the long awaited changes in domestic policies. This essay on The Cold War and Its Influence on the American Society was written and submitted by user Troy S. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Raylon Stewart Essays - Philosophy, Ethics, Kantianism, Free Essays

Raylon Stewart Essays - Philosophy, Ethics, Kantianism, Free Essays Raylon Stewart Professor Cheryl Hughes Philosophy 110 November 17, 2016 Immanuel Kant Philosopher I mmanuel Kant believes that we should act not according to what we assume the outcome will be in a given situation , but instead act based on our morals . Kant says that every individual should lead a moral life and they should do this by following moral duty . What is moral duty and how does it work? He answers this question by explaining th e "categorical imperative", which is the fundamental principle that ultimately defines moral duty and should affect the decisions we make . Immanuel Kant's categorical imperative states that we should: " Act according to that maxim where by you are, at the same time, will that it should become a universal law" . In other words this means that you should act only in a way where your actions can serve as the basics of a universal law . For example , Tom is in need of some money and has no way to acquire any so he goes to you and asks to borrow money . You being the kind citizen you are agree to loan him money as long as he is able to pay it back . Tom however knowing that he will not be able to pay you back ignores that fact and instead promises to pay you back anyway . According to Kant Tom's action are morally wrong and do not adhere to the categorical imperative because if they did then it would will universally that every individual can make promises and not keep them rendering promises as a whole useless . This goes to show by holding our actions as a universal law we ar e able to make the right decision and do our moral duty according to Kant . Therefore i n the case "lying to save a patient" the doctors who lie and cheat insurance companies in order to save or help the ir patients are considered wrong . They are considered w ro n g because they do not adhere to Kant's categorical imperative and the formation/categorical laws he gives us to determine if something is morally right . According to Kant's first universal law and categorical imperative , a rational being must act as if the maxim of their action were to become through their will a universal law of nature (Kant Pg . 30) . In other words, a person's actions must reflect actions that every rational being should follow as well . In this case, the doctors are lying to save someone life because they believe that every individual should lie in orders to save someone's life . However, the universal law is that everyone should tell the truth making it never ok to lie despite the consequences . The doctors in this case are excluding themselves from th e law and therefore creating a contradiction . Although the doctors may believe it's their duty to save lives they still have to abide by other laws and rules in order to do the right thing . Kant would say that these doctors are not acting in accord ing to moral law in this case and are wrong . Kant's second universal law of the categorical imperative states that you should "act in such a way that you treat humanity, whether in your own person or in the person of another, always at the same time as an end and never simply as a means" (Kant Pg . 36) . What this essentially means is that people need to treat other humans as rational beings . We must recognize that other humans have goals, dreams and jobs just like us and that we ought to treat them as people instead of objects or using them to get our way . According to Kant, the physicians in this case are not treating the insurance providers as an end but instead as a mean . The physicians are lying to the insurance companies and their workers and usi ng them for their money in order to help their patients . Th is is wrong because the doctors have a duty to treat the

Metal vs. Mettle

Metal vs. Mettle Metal vs. Mettle Metal vs. Mettle By Maeve Maddox At one time, metal and mettle were alternative spellings for the material or substance a thing was made of. Classical Latin metallum had the meaning of mine or quarry as well as the substances obtained from them. Metal is a hard, shiny, malleable material like gold, silver, or copper that is used in the manufacture of tools or artifacts. It’s shiny, malleable, and it conducts heat. The word metal can be used either as a mass noun or as a count noun: Saucepan handles are usually made from wood or plastic because they don’t transfer heat as well as metal. (mass noun) Metals play a critical role in the creation of contemporary jewelry by affecting appearance, durability and cost. (count noun) Mettle derives from the same source as metal and was once used in the same way. Since about the 18th century, however, mettle has been reserved for figurative use. It refers to what a person is â€Å"made of.† Mettle includes character, disposition, and temperament. It is often used with the verbs test, prove, and show, particularly in sports writing: Bruins Marchand shows his mettle Djokovic must prove his mettle against Nadal on clay Young runners test their mettle during Hy-Vee runs Kelso showed his mettle and won by three-quarters of a length. Shakespeare uses the word in Macbeth’s sexist compliment to his wife after she berates him for hesitating to kill Duncan: Bring forth men-children only; For thy undaunted mettle should compose Nothing but males. –Macbeth, I, vii, 72-74. The adjective mettlesome describes a high-spirited, vivacious, lively person: In The Taming of the Shrew, Kate is Baptista’s mettlesome elder daughter. Mettlesome can also mean courageous: Là ¼ Kuang is fresh from his victories in the west, and his soldiers are vigorous and mettlesome.  Ã¢â‚¬â€œThe Art of War, XI. Applied to an animal, especially a horse, it means â€Å"lively, eager, spirited, frisky.† It can also be applied to an event: [The tennis players] delivered a mettlesome performance from start to finish, bringing the ultimate title under their names. Mettlesome from the noun mettle is not to be confused with meddlesome, the adjective that goes with the verb meddle, â€Å"to interfere.† Hillsdale College Chief Remark Pricks Meddlesome Bureaucrats How to Handle Your Meddlesome In Laws Meddle comes from a word meaning â€Å"to mix.† Meddlesome people mix in where they are not wanted. Mettlesome people are often fun to know. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Misused Words category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:85 Synonyms for â€Å"Help†55 Boxing IdiomsHow to Send Tactful Emails from a Technical Support Desk

Laird Plc a Public Owned British Multinational Company Essay

Laird Plc a Public Owned British Multinational Company - Essay Example The solutions to protect the electronic devices of the users from any potential harmful Electromagnetic Interference (EMI) and also safeguard from the heat that is generated during the operation of the device (Laird, 2014a; Laird, 2014d). The company leads in developing, designing and delivering innovative technologies that ensure organizations, applications, and people to stay connected effectively. Laird owns two divisions: Wireless Systems and Performance Materials. The products of Performance Material are distributed to wide markets that include Information Technology and telecom, smartphones, transportation and medical (Laird, 2014c). In this report, the international operation of the company along with competitiveness is examined by performing market and financial analysis. However, the risk associated with the company operations are also studied in order to understand the manner it combats against exchange rate, country, and political risks. The following figure highlights the financial performance of the two main divisions of Laird Plc. The financial performance is evaluated based on the revenue of the divisions over the period 2010- 2013. From the figure, it can be stated that the majority of the revenue during the four years in Laird Plc is generated from Performance Materials. This division accounts for more than half of total revenue that is incurred by the group as a whole. It is observed that the revenue from Performance material division has increased over the years due to the increase in demand for thermal management solutions, shielding materials for electromagnetic interference (EMI) and signal integrity products (SIP) (Laird, 2014c). Despite the growing revenue, the company is encountering challenge because of the highly integrated circuits related to thinner and smaller devices, which are becoming more innovative so as to protect the package devices (Laird, 2014c).

Social AND Environmental Accounting Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Social AND Environmental Accounting - Assignment Example Each group has its own interests; these interests are directly or indirectly affected by the activities of the companies. These stakeholders are; local communities, environmental groups such as Friends of Earth and Greenpeace, media, political and other pressure groups. Additionally, the impacts of companies’ activities have considerably increased. In the recent history, the mismanagement of oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico by British Petroleum (BP) has unmasked the dirty and unethical corporate practices exist; and their existence can seriously undermine the life of stakeholders. For example, BP is heavily fined over its mismanagement of oil spill. Is that fine going to bring back the same kind of environment that existed before the oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico? Is the damage to the environment ever being repaired to its pre-oil spill level? Can we fully understand the total impacts of the oil spill over the sea life? In this single environmental disaster at the hands of BP , the entire sea life may face a threat of extinction since it is not possible at this point of time to fully comprehend the short term and long term impacts left by this environmental disaster. ... While ensuring the corporate objectives, many companies do not give much consideration to the current and potential negative effects of their activities. Due to the recent pressures from the governments, local communities and from the environmental groups, many companies produce the reports on corporate social responsibility and sustainability reporting. In which, companies mention their positive and negative impacts of their activities on social and environmental stakeholders: They try to be transparent and accountable for their activities. In their sustainability and environmental reporting, the companies also describe their current policies towards social and environmental issues. In order to show off that they care for the social and environmental stakeholders, they mention in their sustainability reporting about their current and future investments with an aim of reducing their negative impacts over society and environment. However, many critics such as Friedman (1970), find no reason to believe on their genuine and realistic resolve towards mitigating their impacts as the companies are only established to serve the objectives of their shareholders which is to increase profits for them. Their only social responsibility is to increase the wealth of their shareholders Friedman (1970); at the end of the day, they are accountable to them not to society. In the subsequent parts of this essay, first environmental accounting, and its different types are included and critical analysis is included subsequently. Environmental accounting Environmental accounting has considerably evolved and received significant attention in the field of accounting after the work of the Gray in the year of 1990(Elkington,1993). Many

Macbeth and Famous Tragedies Essay Example for Free

Macbeth and Famous Tragedies Essay Macbeth is one of the most famous tragedies of Shakespeare. It is divided into five acts focusing on Macbeth and sometimes other characters that affect Macbeth. The two main characters in the play are Macbeth and Lady Macbeth who are well-developed. After Macbeth killed King Duncan of Scotland, he and his wife, Lady Macbeth, became King and Queen of Scotland. However, they did not have peaceful life as what they wanted. They always felt worried and insecure. In act five scene five, when Sayton, Macbeth’s servant, told him of Lady Macbeth’s death, he talked to himself as his response to this news. Macbeth thought that time went slowly: â€Å"Tomorrow, and tomorrow, and tomorrow, Creeps in this petty pace from day to day, To the last syllable of recorded time;† The soliloquy of Macbeth means that how the days stretched out. Each day is the same as the one before and they would continue to do so until the end of time. It made Macbeth felt bored, so time perhaps went slowly to him. We could see another reason why Macbeth felt time went slowly. Actually, Macbeth is not a bad man. He loved Lady Macbeth so much. Therefore, he was convinced to be the murder of King Duncan by her so that they had the power to do whatever they wanted. Those days were yesterdays and past time of him. He wanted to come to tomorrow because each tomorrow means the last day of all yesterdays when Macbeth spent to kill people. The looking forward could make time go more slowly than it was. Beside, after Lady Macbeth to whom he spent all his love died, life for him was not meaningful any more. It also made him as well as people in the situation like him feel the days went slowly. With the great ability of using figurative language and the exquisite style of writing, Shakespeare contributed to the success of the play especially act five scene five that is best-known part of the play.

Mean Filters :: essays research papers

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Develop a Program that will implement the non-linear filters Abstract: The purpose of this project is to develop a program that implements non-linear filters. For this project we will research the mean filter and the Median filter. Introduction: The Idea of this project is to generate and image and implement different types of noise, then add them together and run them through a non-linear filter and see how the filter affects the output image. First we must locate and image then add the noise and run the image thru a non-linear filter to successfully remove all sort of noise corruption. We will compare two filters, the mean filter and the median filter, for a few simple cases. The purpose of the filtering operation is assumed to be an effective elimination or attenuation of the noise that is corrupting the desired images. In this report we will consider only the two-dimensional cases (image). The effects are better visualized with images. Background on non-linear filters: Non-linear filtering has been considered even in the fifties, since then, the field has seen a rapid increase of interest indicated. In our case the Multistage medians and median filters have been rather extensively studied from the theoretical point of view in the beginning of the seventies in the Soviet Union. These filters have been independently reinvented and put into wide practical use around 15 years later by western researchers. Non-linear FIR filters cannot be expressed as a linear combination of the input, but as some other (non-linear) function on the inputs. A simple example of a useful non-linear filter is a 5th order median filter. This is the filter represented by: This type of filter is extremely useful for data with non-Gaussian noise, removing outliers very efficiently. A significant amount of research effort has gone into the development of appropriate filters for various purposes. Statistics has taken a different tack to the problem: early approaches were similar to moving average filters. However, rather than using a simple moving average, the early work realized that linear regression could be used around the point we were trying to estimate; in other words, rather than simply averaging the five values around a point, a linear fit of the points, using a least squares estimate, could be used to give a better-looking result. Furthermore, we realized that 1)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Linear regression could be applied, so could other shapes, in particular splints. 2)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The weights for the instances used in regression could be changed.

Holocaust Argument Paper

English 112- 10 am March 16, 2013 The Holocaust Dilemma The Holocaust created many broken hearts and hardships that have left the world with a great scar in their history. This terrible event that occurred during WWII in Jewish concentration camps should not be taken lightly when speaking of it. Many scientists believe that good information came about of the Holocaust and although this can be accurate it is wrong to consider using information that was collected through pain, murders, injustices, and inhumane acts of cruelty to Jewish men, women, and children.Heavy experimentation was conducted on unwilling patients in concentration camps during World War II. Experiments on hypothermia, hemorrhage, altitude sickness, air pollution, etc. were conducted on innocent Jewish people with the pretext that Jewish lives were nonetheless already condemned. Much information was obtained through this heavy experimentation thus many doctors and scientist today claim that this information should be used due to the accuracy of human testing compared to animal testing. Lives can be saved with this information; hence the lives of the murdered Jews will not be left in vain.There have been cases where Nazi data could have been relevant and justified to use because of multiple medical advances. Take the chilling/ freezing bodies experiments for consideration; Doctor John Hayward, a Biology Professor at the Victoria University in Vancouver, Canada conducted freezing experiments on willing candidates; however, he did not let the body temperature of his patients drop under 36 degrees. According to Peter Tyson in â€Å"The Experiments,† Hayward tested many methods to find the most efficient and fastest way to rewarm the frozen body.Although he ethically conducted these experiments, they were not nearly as valuable as the experiments compared to the tests conducted by the Nazis in Dachau because they immersed victims in lower temperatures. The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA ) also questioned whether or not the data retained from the Holocaust should be utilized when testing air pollutants such as phosgene used in the manufacturing of pesticides and plastic. Phosgene is very dangerous, attacking mainly the lungs and creating a mucus build up leading to death of â€Å"drowning†.EPA had information of phosgene because of animal testing but is not nearly as accurate as human testing. In this case, Nazi data could have been a good resource to help save lives of workers and commuters who were constantly in contact with the air pollutant phosgene. Although it seems logical to turn to the data obtained from Nazi experimentation obtained from tests held in multiple different concentration camps, there are several reasons why this information should not be utilized. First of all there are large physiological differences between malnourished tortured Jews versus the regular average Joe.Second of all the scientific integrity of Nazis is questionable due to extreme prejudice and hate toward the Jewish; third of all the fact that the information attained after Nazi testing was never published creates misgivings in trusting that this data is correct. Scientists and doctors must consider the fact that all Jewish, gypsies, and people with disabilities were very unhealthy during experimentation. Dehydrated, hungry, poisoned, tortured, and so many other things were implemented on these innocent people.How can these test results be primarily employed when these Holocaust victims do not have nearly the same health people do today? According to Doctor Jay Katz of the Yale University School of Law, â€Å"Those experiments revealed nothing which civilized medicine can use† and that, â€Å"gross violation of human standards that they are not to be trusted at all. † Malnourishment and abuse was inflicted to mass groups of concentration camp victims thus their health does not measure up causing information obtained during WWII inaccura te. There are different methods in finding cures for hypothermia, altitude sickness, infectious diseases, etc. hrough heavy scientific research and development. Skepticism is inevitable when the so called experiments conducted by the Nazis to Jews are not published. Maybe it is the fact that much of the data necessary such as: sex, weight, and age are missing in many of the documentations. According to Baruch C. Cohen in the Jewsih Law Article, The Ethics Of Using Medical Data From Nazi Experiments, â€Å"The data was not recorded from scientific hypothesis and research, but rather, it was inspired and administered through racial ideologies of genocide. Although this abuse was inflicted with the justification that it was mere experimentation, it does not seem safe to use when vital information is absent. Experiments conduce important information; however scientific experimentation is recorded with different body ranges such as: sex, age, weight, medical history, etc. if this inform ation is lacking then wouldn’t there be a large concern that Nazi data will not be accurate enough to help lives today but rather perpetrate medical patients.Yes there is always a risk when surgeries are performed, but personally I would want the information to come from someone who was tested with the same disease to be in similar health than me. Not only was medical experimentation immoral in Nazi concentration camps but there was also other horrid experimentations inflicted on the victims of Holocaust concentration camps. In the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum there are pictures that prove human flesh was utilized for lamp shades and book bindings along with other preserved body parts such as hair and remaining organs from experimentation.Soap made from human bones and flesh was also made from the testing in WWII Holocaust concentration camps. How can one imagine showering while the condensed body of a loved one melts on their skin? How can doctors today still beli eve it is ok to use all the information gathered through agony, pain, and unjust suffering of innocent Jews? How can a scientist be so lazy to morally and ethically make discoveries through heavy research? It is wrong to use information discovered through the abominable experiments inflicted in concentration camps during the Holocaust when there are other ways to find similar sightings.The inhumane acts of violence and repulsive experiments tested on those who were victims of concentration camps during the Holocaust have created tinted data. Although it may be tempting to review the data discovered though human testing in German concentration camps, scientists and doctors need to find a different method to discover similar data because this information may be inaccurate. As mentioned in previous paragraphs it is unethical and immoral to use the information gathered from scientists in the Holocaust concentration camps because their tests were conducted by prejudice and hatred reasoni ng.Sources Cited Kor, Eva Mozes. â€Å"Nazi Experiments as Viewed by a Survivor of Mengele's Experiments. † Caplan, Arthur L. When Medicine Went Mad: Bioethics and the Holocaust. Totowa: Humana Press, 1992. 7. Book. Cohen, Baruch C. â€Å"The Ethics Of Using Medical Data From Nazi Experiments. † 1997. Jewish Law Articles. Web. 1 December 2011. Remember. â€Å"Medical Experiments of the Holocaust and Nazi Medicine. † n. d. Remember. Web. 27 November 2011. Tyson, Peter. â€Å"The Experiments. † October 2000. NOVA Online. Web. 28 November 2011. â€Å"Nazi Propaganda. † 6 January 2011. United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. Web. 28 November 2011.

Elizabeth Bennet in “Pride and Prejudice” Essay

Individuality refers to the character or qualities which distinguish one person from another. Ones uniqueness constitutes a strong distinctiveness in his/her character. Thus, when this sense of character is juxtaposed against the concept of individuality, the mutual association results in the inherent emergence of a persons true identity. Although the distinguishing of separate individuals personalities remains admired in todays society, there existed a time in which the pursuit of uniqueness in character and personality was discouraged. This held especially true for women in Regency England in the 1800s. A woman in this time period, respectively the setting of Jane Austens Pride and Prejudice, endured numerous pressures and overwhelmingly strict rules from societal norms in order to obtain proper placement in society. Women of the time most importantly should marry, and marry well, primarily to obtain the substantially vital possession of an exceptional reputation, and also to support their family and retain a good name. In addition, women held considerably inferior societal positions to men, having strict sociable allowances to only partake in balls, dances, and dinners. These contribute to a woman acquiring a greater extent of connections, which in turn increases their chance of marrying well. However, Jane Austen does in fact present a character that ultimately triumphed over the particular stereotype of women in pursuit of her own ideals. Elizabeth Bennet, the protagonist and heroine of Pride and Prejudice, conveys a powerful sense of independence, remains very outspoken of her views, and a reason for marrying which all contradict the stereotypical woman of the time. Elizabeth is an extremely atypical female for her time, for she invariably refuses to allow the loss of her individualism and pe rsonal identity in a society which encourages women to do exactly that. Initially, Elizabeths attitude of independence induces her to act on the instinct of her unique ideals; her sense of self reliance eventually causing a mass of pride and prejudice to formulate around her thoughts and dialogue. No, indeed I do not wish to avoid the walk, for the distance is nothing when one has a motive; only three miles (28). Elizabeth acts in direct defiance towards her mother, and even though she expects to create a negative first impression, her own concerns (such as the well-being of her sister), prevail as a top priorities in her independent mind. She also walks alone,  signifying the scarcity of independence exhibited by women of the 1800s, particularly towards situations that could potentially threaten ones reputation, such as Elizabeths walk in the mud. To such perseverance in willful self-deception Elizabeth would make no reply, and immediately and in silence withdrew, determined, that if he persisted in considering her repeated refusals as flattering enco uragement, to apply to her father, whose negative might be uttered in such a manner as to be decisive, and whose behavior at least could not be mistaken for the affectation and coquetry of an elegant female (91). In the thoroughness of Elizabeths dialogue, the author presents a tone of irritancy, for the protagonists self reliance on her own opinions could not sway Mr. Collins foolish assumptions. Through Elizabeth, the author also expresses heartily disdain of the inferiority of female roles of the time period, depicted by the occurrence of Mr. Bennet having to explain Elizabeths feelings instead of her effectively conveying them herself. I am only resolved to act in that manner, that will, in my own opinion, constitute my happiness, without reference to you, or to any person wholly unconnected with me (294). Essentially, this statement of Elizabeths to Lady Catherine demonstrates her fierce independence. She specifically states that her happiness is the only factor in the governance of her actions. Her self reliance and her own opinions create an independence which allows her to disregard the judgments of others no matter their social standing. Elizabeths independent mindset constitutes a v ery opinionated personality and character, which becomes exposed through remarkable dialogue. Subsequently, Elizabeths outspoken nature causes consequently different interactions with people through dialogue, than would traditionally occur with a stereotypical female. I talked about the dance, and you ought to make some sort of remark on the size of the room or the number of couples (76). Normally, a person would not point out the faults in their dance partners manners. However, Elizabeths outspoken nature allows her to mock an individual of higher social consequence for his discomfited behavior. This interaction presents a fine example of Jane Austens ironic humor. Darcy remains silent at the ball in order to remain socially superior in his mind. However, he receives a lecture from a member of lower social standing, a woman no less, concerning manners and formal protocol. From the very  beginning— from the first moment, I may almost say— of my acquaintance with you, your manners, impressing me with the fullest belief of your arrogance, your conceit, and your selfish disdain of the feelings of others, were such as to form the groundwork of disapprobation on which succeeding events have built so immovable a dislike; and I had not known you a month before I felt that you were the last man in the world whom I could ever be prevailed on to marry (159). With none of the traditional politeness or subservience of her gender, Elizabeths reveals her unrelenting will to speak her mind in a situation of anger and in support of her feelings, which consequently humiliates Darcy. He became a victim to something virtually unheard of for a man of his social stature: an outspoken woman. Darcys formal and polite exit reinforces the importance that high society places in constant manners and obedience of formal protocol, portraying his now tentatively preserved sense of superiority. Lady Catherine seemed quite astonished at not receiving a direct answer (139). Elizabeth upon this instance speaks her mind in an incredibly daring manner. It seems that Elizabeth became the first individual ever to address Lady Catherine in that way, an exceptionally audacious stunt considering the old widows possession of so much dignified impertinence. Along with her outspoken behavior, Elizabeths marital ideals present themselves as the exact opposite of views exp ected to be held by women at the matrimonial age in Pride and Prejudice. Furthermore, most women of Jane Austens time period viewed marriage as the ultimate goal in life, a wondrous aspiration to be attained for comfort, materialism, and social stature; Elizabeth exclusively declines to accept these ideals as governance for her own actions. It is a truth universally acknowledged, that a single man in possession of a good fortune, must be in want of a wife (1). This initial statement of Jane Austens masterpiece offers a miniature sketch of the entire plot, which concerns itself with the pursuit of single men in possession of a good fortune by various female characters. The preoccupation with socially advantageous marriage in nineteenth-century English society manifests itself here, for in claiming that a single man must be in want of a wife, the narrator reveals that the reverse is also true: a single woman, whose socially prescribed options are quite limited, desires a husband. However, Elizabeth criticizes the  advantages and consequence of marriage in her society, such as whether or not one holds respect for their lifes partner, negatively portrayed by her parents. Elizabeth fortifies these ideals in her declaration that â€Å"I am determined that nothing but the very deepest love will induce me into matrimony† (38). Due to the fact that Elizabeths extreme opinion of marriage comes as a response to Janes similar view, implications arise that Elizabeths point of view does not remain exclusively unique. However, closer examination of Janes character reveals that although love intrigues her aspirations, she would easily and appropriately succumb to societal expectations. Elizabeths outlook sets her far apart from the majority of women at the time, her position expressing that only love constitutes acceptable reason to marry. You could not make me happy, and I am convinced I am the last woman in the world who would make you so (102). Elizabeth adequately proves her profoundly unique views of matrimony by the adamant refusal of two separate but exceedingly suitable marriage proposals. In Elizabeths position, to not marry Mr. Collins would put her in a very precarious situation financially, condemning all her family to certain disaster, and to denounce tradition for the sake of her principles seems foolhardy but also requires a fair amount of mustered courage. In absolute liberation from the female stereotype she rejects the proposal of Mr. Darcy (likely the richest man she is ever to meet) as well revealing a complete disregard for societal norms and her prescribed role as a woman. In conclusion, Elizabeth Bennets character intrigues many, unique individualism plainly setting her far from the stereotype of her gender. Throughout Pride and Prejudice, several references enlighten every fine attribute of Elizabeths remarkable character. Her interactions throughout the novel quite clearly depict her as an extremely atypical female when juxtaposed against the norm of her gender, during the distinctive period of Regency England in the year 1813. Through her independence and defiance, clearly outspoken nature, and inimitable ideals concerning matrimony, Elizabeths character undeniably challenges the stipulated roles and formal protocol of the women in her time period. She remains principled and unshaken by the overwhelmingly strict expectations of society. Her every action becomes governed by assurance of her happiness alone, while decisions  too depend exclusively on her own sense of correct choices. The character of Elizabeth Bennet provides inspiration for many modern women to develop a sense of courage and confidence, demonstrated by her determined will to speak her mind in effort to support certain unique principles of marriage. Elizabeth figuratively compares with Frodo Baggins of Lord of the Rings, by being dragged into a quest in which a ring is central. In marrying Darcy, she overturns the social hierarchy by taking a husband who remains considerably superior in social class. Using her newly enhanced opinions to understand what constitutes a happy (as well as proper) marriage on her independent terms she makes certain of her true happiness, concluding in final contentment that she will now never desire to discard her ring into Mount Doom. â€Æ'Works Cited Austen, Jane. Pride and Prejudice. Ann Arbor: Borders Classics, 2006.

Primary Timber Products Harvested When Selling Trees

Primary Timber Products Harvested When Selling Trees The value of the timber you ultimately sell at harvest time is linked to the value of the products these trees can make. Normally, as the size of individual trees in a timber stand increase in height and diameter, the more valuable that stand becomes as more product classes become available. Trees growing into a more valuable class is what foresters call ingrowth and is continually happening over the life of a managed forest. When a strand is properly managed, the best tree species with the highest potential quality are left to grow into high value pine and hardwood sawtimber and veneer and pine poles upon final harvest. Thinnings in these stands can start as early as 15 years to select and remove lower quality trees with lower but substantial values. These lower-valued products come in the form of pulpwood, superpulp, and chip-n-saw and typically comprise the early thinnings. Product classes are generally defined by their size in the form of their diameter. Foresters express the diameter measurement in terms of diameter measured at breast height (DBH). Here are the major product classes defined on a typical timber sale contract: Pulpwood: Considered the least valuable product at the time of a tree sale, pulpwood is of primary importance when thinning a stand. It has value, and when harvested properly, makes some income even while leaving trees of potential higher value. Pulpwood is typically a small tree measuring   6-9† diameter breast height (DBH). Pulpwood trees are chipped into small chunks, chemically treated, and made into paper. Pulpwood is measured by weight in tons or by volume in standard cords. Canterwood: This is a term locally used to describe pulpwood-sized pine trees from which one 2 x 4 board can be cut in addition to the chips used for pulpwood (not to be confused with chip-n-saw). Another name for canterwood is â€Å"superpulp†. Superpulp is more valuable than regular pulpwood, but markets for this product are not always available. Canterwood is measured by weight in tons or by volume in standard cords. Palletwood: Wood for pallets can be a market for low-quality standing hardwood timber that does not make the grade for lumber. These stands have been mismanaged for optimum hardwood sawtimber production and have no potential to make grade lumber. This market is generally available in regions with a large upland hardwood resource. These trees will be sawed into slats for pallet-making. Palletwood is sometimes called â€Å"skrag.† Chip-n-saw: This product is different from canterwood in that it is cut from trees transitioning from pulpwood into sawtimber size. These tree typically range in the 10-13† DBH size. By using a combination of chipping and sawing techniques, these mid-sized trees produce chips for pulpwood as well as small dimension lumber. Chip-n-saw is heavily dependent on tree quality and height which can saw out straight studs. This product is usually measured in tons or standard cords. Pine and Hardwood Sawtimber: Trees cut for lumber fall into two categories, hardwood lumber and lumber from conifers. Lumber from hardwoods and pines typically is sawn from trees with diameters greater than 14† DBH. Trees are cut into lumber but some of the extra material is converted into chips for fuel or paper production. Sawtimber is measured in tons or board feet. The value of these trees is heavily dependent on tree quality meaning straight, solid logs with little to no defect. Veneer: These trees are cut for peeled or sliced wood veneers and plywood. Trees in the product class have a diameter size of 16† or more. By means of a large lathe, the tree is converted into continuous sheets of thin wood. This is used in the manufacture of plywood and furniture, depending on the type of tree. Veneer and plywood is measured in tons or board feet. Value is heavily dependent on tree quality. Source: South Carolina Forestry Commission. Understanding Timber as a Commodity. https://www.state.sc.us/forest/lecom.htm .

How Pearls Form and Which Species Makes Them

How Pearls Form and Which Species Makes Them The pearls you may wear in earrings and necklaces are the result of an irritant under the shell of a living organism. Pearls are formed by saltwater or freshwater  mollusks - a diverse group of animals that includes oysters, mussels, clams, conchs, and gastropods.   How Do Mollusks Make Pearls? Pearls are formed when an irritant, such as a bit of food, a grain of sand, bacteria or even a piece of the mollusks mantle becomes trapped in the mollusk. To protect itself, the mollusk secretes the substances aragonite (a mineral) and conchiolin (a protein), which are the same substances it secretes to form its shell. The composite of these two substances is called nacre, or mother-of-pearl. The layers are deposited around the irritant and it grows over time, forming the pearl. Depending on how the aragonite is arranged, the pearl may have a high luster (nacre, or mother-of-pearl) or a more porcelain-like surface that doesnt have that luster. In the case of the low-luster pearls, the sheets of aragonite crystals are perpendicular to or at an angle to the surface of the pearl. For the iridescent nacreous pearls, the crystal layers are overlapping. Pearls may be a variety of colors, including white, pink and black. You can tell an imitation pearl from a real pearl by rubbing them on your teeth. Real pearls feel gritty against the teeth due to the layers of nacre, while imitation ones are smooth. Pearls are not always round. Freshwater pearls are often shaped more like puffed rice. Unusual shapes can also be prized for jewelry, especially for large pearls. Which Mollusks Make Pearls? Any mollusk can form a pearl, although they are more common in some animals than in others. There are animals known as pearl oysters, which includes species in the genus Pinctada. The species Pinctada maxima (called the gold-lipped pearl oyster or silver-lipped pearl oyster) lives in the Indian Ocean and the Pacific from Japan to Australia and produce pearls known as South Sea Pearls. Pearls may also be found and cultured in freshwater mollusks and are often produced by species collectively called pearl mussels. Other pearl-producing animals include abalones, conchs, pen shells, and whelks. How are Cultured Pearls Made? Some pearls are cultured. These pearls do not form by chance in the wild. They are helped by humans, who insert a piece of shell, glass or mantle into a mollusk and wait for pearls to form. This process involves many steps for the oyster farmer. The farmer must raise the oysters for about three years before they are mature enough to implant, keeping them healthy. Then they implant them with the graft and nucleus and harvest the pearls 18 months to three years later.   As natural pearls are very rare and hundreds of oysters or clams would have to be opened to find one wild pearl, cultured pearls are more common.

The Iran-Iraq War of the 1980s.Whom did the U.S Support what Role did Essay

The Iran-Iraq War of the 1980s.Whom did the U.S Support what Role did They Play - Essay Example As a result, many of the people living along the channel were Arabs, not Persians. Sadaam Hussein, the leader of Iraq, claimed that this area should be a part of his country because of the historical connection to Iraq and the ethnic identity of the inhabitants. Iran saw right through this and accused Iraq of trying to control the shipping lanes. Iraq began to charge tolls on ships coming out of the channel, but the Iranian’s would not comply (Willett, 2004). Iraq invaded and tried to take over the land on either side of the river. This was one economic reason for the war. The second economic reason Iraq started the war was to try to get at Iran’s oil reserves. They realized that if they could control this much oil, they would become the most powerful and important Arab state along the Persian Gulf. They would be a rival to the powerful Saudi’s to their south and would be able to easily trade with Russia and India to the east. Iraq wanted to get their hands on Ir anian oil. This was the second economic reason for the war. One ideological reason the war started came from the Islamic Revolution in Iran in 1979. Iran is a country dominated by Shiite followers of Islam. In many countries, including Iraq, Shiites are considered to be second-class citizens. They only make-up about 10% of Muslims worldwide, so they are often a persecuted minority. In Iraq and Iran, Shiites are actually a majority. The Iraqi government suppressed the majority Shiites. The Islamic Revolution in Iran started to encourage Shiites in Iraq to rise-up against the government (Arjomand, 1989). This revolution said that it was up to Shiite believers to rise up and take power so Islam could be taken to all the world. The Iraqi’s did not like this, so they started to protest against the Iranians to the League of Arab States. Nothing was resolved. The ideology of Islamic Revolution was a major factor in the start of the Iran-Iraq War. Another ideological reason that led to the Iran-Iraq War was the capture of the islands of Abu Musa, Greater and Lesser Tumb (Amirahmadi, 1996). Persian and Arab forces had disputed these islands for many years. The Iranians took them from the newly formed United Arab Emirates in 1971. Arabs in the Persian Gulf region regarded this as a modern version of Persian aggression. Iran had stated in the past their ideological desire to restore the borders of the old Persian Empire. Iraq started a war with Iran in response to this ideology. The United States had an important role in this conflict for both Iran and Iraq. Before the Islamic Revolution in Iran, the leader of Iran bought lots of weapons such as tanks, artillery and fighter jets from the United States. During the revolution, American citizens were held hostage in the American embassy in Tehran. This event caused the United States to cut off all trade ties with the Iranians. The United States refused to supply the Iranians with machinery and replacement parts for t heir equipment during the war. As a result, the Iranian army was weakened until they could figure-out a way to buy weapons from other countries. They eventually turned to Russia for much of their weapons. The United States was more directly involved in supplying the Iranians with weapons (El, Azhary, 1984). Iraq had grown wealthy from oil revenue. They decided to spend lots of money on jets, tanks and bombers. The United Stat

Life Interview with My Grandmother Nana Case Study

Life Interview with My Grandmother Nana - Case Study Example My interview with my grandmother went off well, and I had a lot to learn from her in terms of my life and most importantly my career. The live interview with an elderly is important and beneficial since the process is attributed to promoting understanding and self-understanding. By summing up her life, I had a clear picture of how she coped in every stage of development and will be helpful in understanding my patients in my nursing career. However, due to her age, I encountered some difficulties such as lack of clear memory of the past events. According to researchers, natural foods will be the best for her health; I would recommend her, to use natural food to ensure that her body is strong enough to fight aging diseases. Frequent walking is another therapy that would be helpful for her muscle relaxation. In the community, today, there are several support groups for the elderly that would help her not to feel isolated from the active part of the community. Sharing with other elderly people would also help her in realizing that she is not alone and can count on them for social support. The interview experience was an enlightening experience for me, and I believe D.A also enjoyed it, as well. Through the interview, I was able to experience firsthand information and interaction with an elder adult besides the classroom learning. It was also enlightening considering the fact that we bonded well, and I was able to receive all the necessary information that was essential to the assessment. Nana can remember it clearly it was two years after their dad died, and she found a part-time job in one of the McDonalds outlets as a waiter. However, in her college level, she studied nursing, and it was after she graduated she got her first career job in George Washington University Hospital, where she worked as a nurse for 30 years as a nurse. In her early 50s, she got a job in Friends Nursing Home where she worked for 10 years and later retired. She said working as a nurse was one of the most amazing experiences she had since she had an opportunity of helping helpless people.

Distinguish between potential and economic growth and discuss the main Essay

Distinguish between potential and economic growth and discuss the main factors determining each - Essay Example Also, is it important that this ability of supply is always realised? This paper will attempt to answer these questions. Take a look at an economy’s business cycle1 showing the potential and the actual growth. It can be seen that there are some discrepancies in the actual and the potential. The Long Run Aggregate Supply curve can be shown as a vertical line in the graph. This figure depicts a yearly increase in the potential output of an economy, which consequently pushes the LRAS to over to the right also. It must be noted also that the progressive increase in Real GDP results in equitable increases in the rightward shift of the LRAS. So what causes the shift in the LRAS? These are described below: The labour force can be described as all the people, 163 years of age and above, who are either employed somewhere, or are actively seeking employment (Labour force, 2005). Retirement age4 also affects the number of employable people in the market. The birth rates and the death rates in a country play a major role in determining the size of available workforce, and also for making predictions for the future. For example, India, the second most populated nation of the world, has a steadily increasing birth rate, which predicts that the nation has and will have a surplus of available labour. Contrarily, most nations in Western Europe, for example Switzerland, have a decreasing birth rate, displaying the nation is likely to face a labour shortage. To match these, immigration5 plays a very important role. The chart displays the dependence that developed economies have on the developing world, esp. Asia, to fulfil their labour gaps. The reasons for immigration might be religious or political, but most importantly they are economic (Fairchild p145), where a person believes that he will be able to have a better chance of matching economic returns to the effort and labour he puts into his work and thus lead a better live with a higher standard of living. This

When Blood Isnt Thicker Than Water English Literature Essay

When Blood Isnt Thicker Than Water English Literature Essay In Barn Burning William Faulkner examines a young boys struggle against his father, Abner, who has a behavior problem. Abner keeps his family together by forcing them to lie for him while in trial and deal with his anger. Through the use of historical context, symbol, and character, Faulkner is able to demonstrate a theme that family loyalty is a vital part of life, however, sometimes being loyal to yourself ends with having to break loyalty to the ones you love. To understand more about Faulkners theme, one must begin with the historical context in which this story is written. The story takes place about ten years after the Civil War. Abner is portrayed to be a veteran, which may influence his wrongful actions. Being in a war could have had some affect on Abners mentality, which causes him to be hostile. Once a person leaves for war he or she never returns the same. Constance L. Shehan puts it like this: The after effects exhibited by many of these veterans appear to constitute a syndrome identified as post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), which is defined as a delayed but persistent malaise characterized by nightmares, loss of control over behaviorà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ (55). Abner could be experiencing a little bit of this syndrome, which is causing him to act in such ways. Also, this story is most likely set in the southern part of America where the farming and tobacco industries were booming. This is important when thinking about the title of the story because many people owned barns in order to dry their tobacco and store farming equipment and animals. This is relevant because barns were an obvious treasure to those who owned them. It was considered not only a way of living, but something that kept a family living. Farming was important to the wealthy and to the poor. It cost a lot of money to build a barn and was very important to the owner, and Abner knew this, so this is what he went after in order to hurt someone. Secondly, the time period displays social discrimination. When Abner reaches the home of a family he will be renting farmland from, the black man at the door states: Wipe yo foots, white man, fo you come in here. Major aint home nohow. Abner replies with, Get out of my way, nigger and wipes his muddy feet on a rug (Faulker 191). In the 1930s blacks were still in the minority. Perhaps walking into a home full of chandeliers put Abner back into his place, a place that is no better than the minority, and caus ed him to become even more out of control. Many of Abners actions act as symbols in the disclosing of Faulkners theme, beginning with the most occurring, fire. Abner builds fires at night while the family is in the process of moving. These fires are described as a small fire, neat, niggard almost, shrewd fire; such fires were his fathers habit and custom always, even in freezing weather (Faulkner 189). The fires Abner would build while the family was moving would be small, which was out of the ordinary for him. Not only the reader begins to wonder why he would do this, but also Colonel Sartoris. Faulkner states that if he were older the boy might have remarked this and wondered why not a big one (189). After seeing his father start so many fires, which resulted in big disasters, Colonel Sartoris cannot understand why his father would want to build such a small fire. Later, it is revealed that the element of fire spoke to some deep mainspring of his fathers being, as the element of steel or of powder spoke to other menà ¢Ã¢â€ š ¬Ã‚ ¦ (189). This suggests that fire is a symbol of Abners control. He is able to control the size, place, and how long the fire burns, whereas, he is not able to control his own anger. A second symbol in the story involves all of the broken items in their wagon. Faulkner writes, the battered stove, the broken beds and chairs, the clock inlaid with mother-of-pearl, which would not run (188). All of the broken items together symbolize the brokenness of the family. Everyone is the family is trying to stay loyal to Abners deceit and as a result they become unaware of the fact that they can be happy as a family. More specifically, the broken clock could symbolize Abners control over the every member of the familys life. Neither are they able to move forward with their lives, nor are they able to remember happiness from their life before. With Abners actions, the family must try and make it through each day without having to be sent out of town or possibly visiting their father/husband in jail. Instead, the family is stuck trying to make the best of their controlled lives. Another symbol in the story is blood. This, however, is not an ordinary literary symbol. Blood represents family, which is obvious to the reader, but has a more revealing meaning when the term is linked to the Snopes family. In the beginning of the story, the reader experiences Colonel Sartoris agony as he sits before a judge, hungry, with the smell of food in the air. Despite his hunger, the smell of meat and cheese is over powered by the smell of à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦old fierce pull of blood (186). This symbolizes the bond between Colonel Sartoris and his father. It is obvious that the boy feels as though the bond and loyalty of family is important because even though he is hungry and the reader can assume he has not eaten in several days, the only thing on this young boys mind is keeping his father safe. While other children would be sitting at a dinner table with their family, Colonel Sartoris (and the rest of his family) is stuck in a courthouse having to lie to get Abner out of trou ble, because at this time, the familys first priority is loyalty to their father. One reason for Colonel Sartoris oath of loyalty to his father may be a reaction to his fathers threatening words. Abner tells him, You got to learn to stick to your own blood or you aint going to have any blood to stick to you (189). Abner is threatening Colonel Sartoris by telling him if he is not devoted to his own blood, he will either be left behind with no one at all, or be the cause of his father to be taken away or even his death. The third and most revealing of the literary elements is character. It can be argued that Abner is the protagonist and the antagonist in this situation is undoubtedly Abners son, Colonel Sartoris. However, as the story starts, this is not obvious to the reader, or to his Abner. Faulkner writes, He aims for me to lie, he thought, again with that frantic grief and despair. And I will have to do hit (187). Colonel Sartoris obviously knows lying is the wrong thing to do, but is pressured into it by his fathers comments and swats. When he seems as though he wants to tell the truth, his father will hit him. With Colonel Sartoris being loyal to his father, it is hard to tell that he is actually against what is happening. But when Colonel Sartoris matures, he realizes what his father is doing is wrong and knows he needs to help himself, along with the families his father is tormenting, and finally decides to display his emotions. When he does, the reader and Abner get a glimpse of Colonel Sa rtoris as the antagonist. Faulkner states, Hold him, the father said. The aunt made a startled movement. Not you, the father said. Lennie. Take hold of him. I want to see you do it. His mother took him by the wrist. Youll hold him better than that. If he gets loose dont you know what he is going to do? He will go up yonder. He jerked his head toward the road. Maybe Id better tie him (196). It is obvious that Abner has now realized that Colonel Sartoris has decided that his actions are unacceptable and is planning on revealing his actions to the judge, families he has betrayed, and families he will betray. Another arguable point when it comes to characterization is that the roles of Abner and his son, Colonel Sartoris, can be switched. In this case, Abner is the antagonist because he is keeping his family from living a normal life and, as mentioned before, from moving on with time. Abner moves his family from place to place, and does not carry with him a good reputation, which reflects on the whole family. Colonel Sartoris, as the protagonist, has a goal of living a better life and looking forward to a brighter future. His father, nonetheless, interrupts his thinking. Faulkner states, They walked beside a fence massed with honeysuckle and Cherokee roses and came to a fate swinging open between two brick pillars, and now, beyond a sweep of drive he saw the house for the first time and at that instant he forgot his father and the terror and despair both, and even when he remembered his father again (who had not stopped) the terror and despair did not return. Because, for all the twelve movings, they had sojourned until now in a poor country, a land of small farms and fields and houses, and he had never seen a house like this before (190). Colonel then begins thinking this family will be safe from his father (190). Colonel Sartoris could perhaps be wishing that he and his family was safe from his own father. At this point, the reader can conclude that Colonel Sartoris is a round character who evolves from feeling obligated to keep a promise to his father to caring more about himself and his future. In the end, Colonel Sartoris finally runs away and does not look back. In conclusion, Faulkner is able to express many different aspects of family throughout the story Barn Burning. He stresses the significance if sticking together through hard times and the importance of what it actually means to be a family. However, through the use of these three important literary elements, Faulkner is able to illustrate the line between loyalty to a wrongful family member and loyalty to oneself.

Decisions Small Business Will Face in 2005 Essay -- essays research pa

What are some of the important financial decisions that small business owner will face in 2005? There are numerous issues such raising capital, accounting and bookkeeping, cash flow management, poor inventory management, over investments in fixed assets, poor credit arrangements, unexpected growth, and other economic factors that will affect a small business’s finances. The U.S. Small Business Administration has seen lots of small businesses com and, unfortunately, go. According to the SBA, over 50% of small businesses fail in the first year and 95% fail within the first five years (â€Å"Why Small Businesses Fail†, 2005, p. 1). With this fact in mind, one should seriously consider gaining a thorough understanding of finances and the effects it will have on their businesses.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In dealing with raising capital, one should consider how important his/her credit profile is to the loan equation. A small business should always strive to stay in good standing with all creditors, not only to gain favorable credit, but sometimes to gain cost cutting deals from just being a good customer which ultimately affects profits/losses. Debt-to-Income ratio is another important factor in raising capital. If your business has a high debt ratio, then you become a high risk investment. The most important issue in raising capital is if your request for funds logical and thoroughly justified. Lenders are in the business to make a profit, theref...

Critical appreciation of the poem “Old Ladies’ Home” by Sylvia Plath with reference to the presentation of old age

George Orwell, one of English literature's most important and famous writers, draws the picture of a dystopia in one of his best known novels 1984. Being considered as a warning against totalitarianism, it is also possible to say that the novel puts forth a road map on how totalitarian regimes work and how certain ideologies are imposed on nations. Creating a world in which the worst possible totalitarian regime is present, Orwell also takes a very close look at the psychological states of people. The writer doesn't only deeply analyze what a totalitarian regime stands for but also introduces the themes of the importance of language, how certain ideologies can be imposed on people and how physical pain can control the human mind. Putting stress on the dreadfulness and the destructive nature of totalitarianism, and also by pointing out that nations can in fact be forced to admire and support such a regime, the writer makes his reader face the cruelest and most realistic aspects of such a horrific repressive regime. Before taking a closer look at the novel, it would be helpful to give background information about the era in which Orwell was influenced to create such a hellish world. 1984 was written in 1949, when Fascism was on the rise, right after the Second World War, when Hitler was defeated and Stalin had performed his cruelest acts. Having worked in Spain in 1936 during the Spanish civil war, Orwell witnessed the cruelty of fascist regimes and had already collected his dreadful memories which lead him to write his political novels. Regarding Orwell's intention in writing 1984, Jenni Calder in her book Animal Farm and Nineteen Eighty-Four states: To anyone who was in Britain in the years immediately after the Second World War, and particularly in London, the sights and smell that Orwell recreates will be familiar†¦ In 1984 he translates this situation in to the future by adding details that are unfamiliar (57). Thus, it becomes possible to say that as a result of the world's existing state at the time Orwell wrote 1984, he was deeply concerned about the future and that his pessimist attitude in his novel acted as a warning and as a criticism of totalitarian regimes. Adriaan M. De Lange, in his book The Influence of Political Bias in Selected Essays of George Orwell says, â€Å"The rise of Fascism, Nazism and Stalinist communism in Europe and the resultant tremors in Britain left an indelible mark on Orwell's thought and work (1). † At this point taking a closer look at Orwell's intentions in writing 1984 from the perspective of the Marxist Hungarian critic Georg Lukacs would be convenient. Due to his theory of â⠂¬Å"Reflection† Lukacs claims that literary works would reflect the hidden aspects of the social and political era in which they are written. Parallel to Lukacs' â€Å"Reflection† theory, Orwell reflects his concerns deriving from the political state in which he lives through fiction. Regarding 1984 Calder states, â€Å"Orwell is underlining a psychological as well as a political truth here, which is demonstrated in the kind of mass embracing of authorial influence that came with the rise of Nazism and Stalinism (63). † While the era in which 1984 was written marks itself with political depressions, it also hints that the world was within a phase when totalitarian and fascist regimes were condemned as a result of the devilish acts of Hitler and Stalin. While taking a closer look at the book and the themes it introduces to the reader, the theme of the importance of language gains significance. â€Å"Newspeak†, Oceania's official language, consists of limited words which are created by party members. The language totally deletes some words which are present in the English language such as â€Å"excellent† or â€Å"splendid† and replaces them with an extremely plain word such as â€Å"plusgood†. Changing the language and limiting it in number of words becomes a matter of importance since language is one of the most important tools of expression and thought for human beings. Deleting complex words and limiting language also limits the thoughts of people and enables the party to delete certain concepts from people's minds. As Syme explains Winston how important it is to change the language he says, â€Å"Don't you see that the whole aim of Newspeak is to narrow the range of thought? In the end we shall make thought crime literally impossible, because there will be no words in which to express it (60). † Analyzing Syme's comment on language, the reader comes to the realization that it is the language itself that makes people think. Hence it becomes understandable that being a totalitarian regime, the party doesn't want its people to think, since thinking may lead to original ideas and thus to through crime. By lowering the language to a very simple state, the party cleverly paralyzes the brains of its people and disables them from thinking. As Syme continues to explain the real aim of the party in creating Newspeak, he also mentions one important topic about language forming concepts. He says: How could you have a slogan like â€Å"Freedom is Slavery† when the concept of freedom has been abolished? The whole climate of thought will be different. In fact there will be no thought, as we understand it now. Orthodoxy means not thinking-not needing to think. Orthodoxy is unconsciousness (61). In trying to understand Syme's remark on language, it might be useful to think of Ferdinand de Saussure's theory that discusses whether concepts or objects would really exist if they were not expressed in language. According to Saussure, what makes a concept present is the language itself. He claims that the world is a whole and that the language divides this whole in to separate pieces to make it become more understandable. Thus, a concept or an object which isn't expressed by language wouldn't exist. When â€Å"Newspeak† is concerned, one may claim the same thing. If the word â€Å"Freedom† doesn't exist in Oceania anymore, there wouldn't be such a concept. Thus, one of the most important problems that threaten the party would be removed. When these facts are concerned, simplifying language and removing words that are used to express threatening concepts, would perfectionalize the regime in terms of the obedience of people. Another remarkable aspect about language is that it is one of the most important things that make human beings privileged when compared to animals. As a result of the ability to think, human beings can speak. Thus, decreasing language to a minimum level in words and expression also means the dehumanization of human beings. Limiting people's one and very important ability to think and speak, the party tries to dehumanize human beings and make them become animal-like creatures. Hence, it would be far easier for the party to have full control over its citizens. While language plays a major role in shifting people's thoughts to fit in the Totalitarian regime, another striking aspect of the novel is the theme of how certain ideologies can be imposed on people. As a starting point, the party chooses to change and destruct the past. Replacing true history with a fictional one which glorifies Oceania makes the already powerful party become even more invincible. As it is stated in the novel: And if all others accepted the lie which the Party imposed-if all records told the same tale-then the lie passed into history and became truth. Who controls the past,' ran the Party slogan, ‘controls the future: Who controls the present controls the past. ‘ And yet the past, though of its nature alterable, never had been altered (40). The party creates a kind of reality by creating a past of its own. Since when there's no one who has any historical documents saying that the party's history is shifted from the truth, the party's recreated history w ill become the truth. Hoping that there should be more than this in life, Winston tries to find a proof that the past wasn't always like this and that the past was based on a much better world. Winston tries to link himself with the past. He writes a diary using a pen. The pen, being an object belonging to the past, symbolizes Winston's need for the past and trying to find a little something which would connect him the past that he doesn't know about. Thus, the manipulation of history, in this sense, is directly related to the manipulation of people living in Oceania. Thinking that the world has always been like this, people don't have any expectations from the future and they accept the current regime in all its ways, since they don't have alternatives. However, when Winston is concerned, he is one of the rare citizens who think that the past couldn't be like this and that there was a totally different world. Knowing that history has been changed, Winston wants to find out about the true history. Looking at the issue from Winston's psychological perspective, it might be possible to say that Winston, unhappy in the world he lives in, needs hope for the future. Not knowing what the past was like disables Winston to locate himself somewhere in the future. When the theme of history is regarded, the antique shop can be considered as a symbol of the past. Winston gets deeply interested in the shop starting from the first moment he sees it, as it functions as a page from the past, which isn't manipulated and changed by the party. The paperweight which Winston buys from the shop can also be considered as a symbol of the past. Being a long lost object which Winston doesn't know about, the paperweight functions as what is â€Å"different† and â€Å"unfamiliar† and it gives Winston little hope about a better future. â€Å"Doublethink†, which simply means â€Å"telling deliberate lies and believing in them†, also functions as another aspect about imposing ideologies. The slogans, for example, are products of the â€Å"Doublethink† principle. Orwell uses binary oppositions that say â€Å"War is Peace†, â€Å"Freedom is Slavery† and â€Å"Ignorance is Strength†. He then places them as the main mottos of the party. As doublethink plays a very important role in conditioning people, it also becomes one of the most important sources which provides the regime with permanence. â€Å"Doublethink† marks itself as one of the most important tools of the party, since it's the basic element that makes people favor war. The reason why the party wants people to be in favor of war is once more related to the power theme. Paras Mani Singh, Nardeep Singh Juneja mention in their book Orwell as a Political Novelist that: The only way that Oceania can exist as a state is for it to wage a constant war, the whole structure of society and state is geared to wartime economy and austerity. If there should be peace, the citizens of Oceania might reasonably expect better living conditions, better food and less control by the government (123). Thus, the motto â€Å"War is Peace† becomes very important for the party in order to keep the citizens of Oceania satisfied. Making them watch movies of war and manipulating people in such a way to make them laugh when they see a woman hugging a little child to protect it from bullets, shows how a totalitarian regime would succeed in making people become fond of violence and cruelty. The motto â€Å"Freedom is Slavery†, on the other hand, is related to the idea of being free both in physical and psychological terms. Since freedom of thought and expression are threats to any totalitarian regime, the party replaces the understanding of the concept of â€Å"Freedom† through â€Å"Doublethink† and it creates an irrational way of understanding for its people. Due to the fact that the people of Oceania are anything but free, for they are being watched constantly, it also becomes necessary for the party to make its citizens believe that freedom is a negative thing and that it is nothing but slavery. A this point it might be suitable to mention Foucault's idea of the prison model the Panopticon, that functions as a system that disables the prisoners to know when they are being watched, thus to make them act in proper manners 24/7. Paul Rabinow, in his article The Foucault Reader states: On the whole, therefore, one can speak of the formation of a disciplines society in this movement that stretches from the enclosed disciplines, a sort of social â€Å"quarantine,† to an indefinitely generalizable mechanism of â€Å"panopticism (206). Thus it would be possible to say that Big Brother, in the novel, functions as the Panopticon for the citizens of Ocenia, since people never know when they are being watched and due to their fear towards the existing totalitarian power, they act in proper manner when the sanctions of the regime are concerned. As the last motto â€Å"Ignorance is Strength† is concerned, the party makes its final stroke on the big picture by saying that none of these things should be thought through, since ignorance and accepting things just the way they are is a kind of strength. By doing so and by applying these mottos, the party blocks all the ways for its citizens to rebel against the system. The concept of â€Å"Thoughtcrime†, gets under the spotlight at this stage, since despite all the cautions taken against any threat or rebellions against the system, the party guarantees its permanence by also limiting the thoughts of its citizens. Having mentioned that the act of thinking itself is an undesirable act for the regime, the party strictly watches people in all their actions. The screens which are placed all over the city and even in the homes of citizens, completely removes the privacy of Oceania's people. Big Brother's picture staring at its citizens and controlling them in every action they take strengthens the idea of the totalitarian regime in the novel. Looking at Big Brother's picture symbolically, it may become possible to say that Orwell draws parallelism between the picture of Stalin and Big Brother. Drawing the picture of a totalitarian regime, Orwell points out the main principles of how such a regime would succeed. As Robert J. Savage, James Combs and Dan Nimmo quote Jane Kirkpatric's words in their book The Orwellian Moment: In a recent and well known essay, Jane Kirkpatric describes totalitarian societies as ones which drive to establish comprehensive political control over the lives of individuals, obliterating in both theory and practice the distinction between public and private, between objective and subjective, claiming for the state the whole life of people (47). Removing privacy is preventing people from thinking. People mostly think when they are alone and when they are in solitude. For this reason, the party completely removes the chance for its citizens to be alone, thus to think. Thinking is an important theme in the novel since it links the reader to the concept of forming an identity. People who think can have their own views about life and can be considered as individuals. Removing the concept of being an individual is one of the most important goals of the party, since individuality is a threat to any totalitarian regime. As Goldstein lectures Winston in room 101 about individuality he says, â€Å"Can you not understand, Winston, that the individual is only a cell? The weariness of the cell is vigor of the organism. Do you die when you cut your fingernails? (302)† Thus, it becomes plain to see that for the party, being an individual isn't a matter of importance, on the contrary it is something which isn't favored. Since the party only considers being a whole as something important, individuality is something which it wants to completely destroy. Taking a closer look at the novel, it can be said that Winston's ache in his ankle is also a symbol of his individuality. Before meeting Julia, Winston continually mentions an ache in his ankle and when he finally meets her, he mentions that the ache disappears. At the end of the novel when Winston is caught by the party and when he's being tortured in room 101, he receives blows on his ankle. Being an ordinary Oceania citizen, Winston first lacked his individuality. However starting from the moment he meets Julia and starts to have an affair with her, he regains his individuality, for he becomes able to experience something which is private and individual. Winston's love to Julia makes him become separate from the crowd and makes him become different from the rest of the people in Oceania, who have no intention to feel love at all and who only consider marriage as a duty which should be fulfilled for the sake of the party. Sexual life, amongst the people of Oceania is seen as a mission to reproduce and create other useful and loyal citizens for the system. However, the theme of love in Winston and Julia's case individualizes the couple not only in terms of the love they feel for one another, but also in terms of their meetings which they think are in private. Winston and Julia meet in secret places where they think they aren't watched and they get total privacy. Since lacking privacy also disables the people of Oceania from becoming individuals, they are also indirectly disabled from becoming human beings. Dehumanizing people by forbidding them to love and killing all their feelings towards compassion, mercy and affection, puts them in an animal-like state. This animal-like state, however, is totally perceived as normal and humane by the party and is presented as something which is favored. Citizens who don't posses this animal-like state are perceived as ill. At the end of the novel Winston is referred to as â€Å"cured† when he finally draws 2+2=5 on the table and perceives the principles which the party imposes on him with torture. Winston is considered as a person with an animal-like state since he felt love for another human being. The party treats Winston as if he is ill only because he questions the party's policies and only because he loves a woman. At the end, when Winston is freed from all the â€Å"inhumane† feelings such as doubt or love, he is again regarded as a healthy person by the party. When the theme of humanizing and dehumanizing is concerned, the Proles play an important role. The Proloes, symbolizing a rebellion against the party, are referred to as animal-like creatures; however Winston manages to make a distinction between his own people and the Proles by saying, â€Å"The proles are human beings. We are not (191). † Winston and Julia's love affair in this sense can be regarded as a rebel against the party and as a struggle to become humans and individuals. As Winston's thoughts about Julia are revealed, it's stated: In the old days, he thought, a man looked at a girl's body and saw that it was desirable, and that was the end of the story. But you could not have pure love or pure lust nowadays. No emotion was pure, because everything was mixed up with fear and hatred. Their embrace had been a battle, the climax a victory. It was a blow struck against the Party. It was a political act (145). As stated, the love affair of Winston and Julia is perceived by them as a rebellion against the party. Since the party is so much full of hatred, love becomes a rebellion against it. Being an important theme in the novel, Orwell also stresses that physical pain can control the human mind. Towards the middle of the novel when Julia and Winston are having one of their regular chats about the system as they say: I don't mean confessing. Confession is not betrayal what you say or do doesn't matter: only feelings matter. If they could make me stop loving you- that would be the real betrayal. She thought it over. They can't do that she said finally. It's the one thing they can't do. They can make you say anything- anything- but they can't make you believe it. They can't get inside you (192). Despite the firmness of Julia saying that nobody can make her feel something or can make her think something, at the end of the novel, the reader comes to the realization that through physical torture, one can be made feel and believe in anything. As Goldstein tells Winston what he thinks about confessions, he says, â€Å"All the confessions that are uttered here are true. We make them true (291). † The fact that the party does really make the confessions become true, is based on torturing people. Despite the human mind seems to be far away concealed in the skull, Orwell puts forth that physical pain in fact can rule the human mind. As stated in the novel: On the battlefield, in the torture chamber, on a sinking ship, the issues that you are fighting for are always forgotten. , because the body swells up until it fills the universe, and even when you are not paralyzed by fright or screaming with pain, life is a moment-to-moment struggle against hunger or cold or sleeplessness, against a sour stomach or an aching tooth (117). The basic human instinct of survival is actually based on physical aspects. Unless the physical wellbeing is fulfilled and satisfied, there's no rest for the human being. Relating this fact to the basic human instinct of survival, Orwell states that although it looks like the human mind is separate from the physical being, they are in fact directly related and that the physical suffering has the power to rule over the mind. As this is the case, the novel also clearly puts forth that at the end, Winston totally changes his thoughts about the system and even about Julia. In the end after being released from torture, Winston draws 2+2=5 on the table and believes in it. Again, at the very end of the novel Winston says that he has won the battle against himself and that he now finally loves Big Brother (342). Another fact about physical pain ruling the human mind is revealed in the case when Winston and Julia meet again after being released from torture and when they can't feel anything towards each other. As a result of torture and as a result of their survival being threatened for such a long time, both of these human beings have lost their feelings of love towards another human being. Orwell's message at this point might be based on the theme that after being threatened in existence and after being exposed to a tremendous amount of torture, human beings instinctually come to think of only themselves. As Winston and Julia confess to each other that they have betrayed one another in the novel, the heart breaking truth is being revealed that human beings, in depth, are based on the instinct of survival and that they are unconsciously selfish. The novel states: I betrayed you, she said baldly. I betrayed you, he said. She gave him a quick look of dislike. Sometimes, she said they threaten you with something- something you can't stand up to can't even think about. And then you say, don't do it to me, do it to someone else, do it to so-and so. And perhaps you might pretend, afterwards, that it was only a trick and that you just said it to make them stop and didn't really mean it. You think there's no other way of saving yourself, and you're quite ready to save yourself that way. You want it to happen to the other person. You don't give a damn what they suffer. All you care about is yourself (336). The sad fact that human beings do only think of themselves and that they are selfish in nature is once more revealed by this remark. However, it is also evident in the novel that human beings who are exposed to torture lose the ability to love and think of other people. Thus, it becomes a fact that physical pain is so strong that it has the ability to erase all sorts of feelings which are related to the wellbeing of other people. Due to their instinct of survival, human beings become ready to sacrifice even people they love, to save themselves. Looking at the party from a religious point of view is also a possible theme in the novel. Being free from all the beliefs which are related to God and his religions, people are still in need to believe in something. The party at this point functions as religion for the people of Oceania, since they are blocked in all the ways which lead to a power that is greater than the party. Thus, representing themselves and the divine power, the party introduces itself as God. The religious motives are present in the novel when Goldstein offers Winston and Julia some wine, and later places a white waffle both on Julia and Winston's tongues so that they don't smell of alcohol. The ceremony which is presented here is similar to the Catholic rituals that take place in church. Believers are offered some wine which symbolizes the blood of Christ and they are placed a piece of bread on their tongs to symbolize the body of Christ. Going through a similar ceremony with Goldstein, Orwell in fact makes a foreshadowing that even the opposition, which stands for Goldstein at the beginning of the novel, is in fact one of the closest persons to the party. Thus, there is no way out of the system. If this theme is compared to the theme of religion, the devil, who is the opposing party to God, is in fact an angel and that it is again strongly related to God. Drawing parallel lines between the party and religion, Orwell states that the Party is God like figure for the people of Oceania and that there's no escape from it. In conclusion, speaking in general terms, the novel functions as a warning against the totalitarian regime and reveals the fact that such repressive regimes, do in fact have the power to manipulate people and that they do have the power in making people believe things which appeared as totally bizarre at the beginning. Taking physical pain ruling over the human mind as a theme, Orwell states that human beings are selfish in nature, since they posses the basic instinct of survival. Putting also major emphasis on the concept of language and how it functions in people's lives, Orwell states that it is in fact the language itself that shapes the motives of people and that makes some concepts become reality. The lack of expression of some concepts in language would automatically destroy them and make them become nonexistent for human beings. Despite the novel as a whole appears as a pessimist approach to the future, taking it as a warning and looking at our present state in today's modern world, readers can still feel gratitude for the present capitalist system they live in now and they still can preserve their hope for a better future.